Those once-extensive forests are now down to about 5% of that area. This is important since, being a reptilian species, the tortoise itself is heterothermic ("cold-blooded") and not able to maintain a constant body temperature through efficient metabolism. What Do Gophers Eat: Lure Them with Favorite Foods, 6 Best Gopher Traps No One Will Escape! In this buying guide, well provide you with everything you need to know about gopher repellents so that you can make an informed purchase. Hatchlings raised at Camp Shelby are released after 2 years, when theyre about the same size as 67-year-old tortoises living in the wild. We wont rent or sell or spam your email. Furthermore, gopher tortoise is state listed as threatened in Georgia and Florida, and is a candidate species for listing under the ESA. or redistributed. Besides its shell, made up of a flat bottom (plastron) and curved top (carapace), another clue is the shape of its appendages. This website uses cookies to enhance your experience and analyze performance and traffic on our website. Pictured: Agopher tortoise being held in Florida on Feb. 7, 2012. Its forefeet are shovel-like, perfect for digging and flinging sand in a backwards motion. Required fields are marked *, From natural sprays to ultrasonic spikes we reviewed the best gopher repellents market offers today, and compiled a handy buying guide, Phyllis teaches English Literature at a local college and loves writing in her free time. The tortoises dig burrows ranging in size from 20 to 30 feet long and from 6 to 8 feet deep, with their shovel-like front legs. Concluding that the animals are not in danger of extinction, federal wildlife officials Tuesday rejected listing gopher tortoises in Florida as endangered or threatened species. A permit violation against a gopher tortoise can result in up to 60 days in jail and/or a $500 fine, according to the us fish and wildlife service. gopher tortoise to a state threatened species and state regulations You might need to look closely, though, because the tortoises spend most of their time in their extensive underground burrows. Wofimeha Mole Repellent is the best natural gopher repellent since it is made with a blend of effective essential oils, including garlic and peppermint, which effectively repel gophers. "Efforts to improve conditions for the gopher tortoise have been effective, and it is important that scientists, experts and wildlife professionals continue to strategically use our best resources to help recover the gopher tortoise where its most vulnerable," Leopoldo Miranda-Castro, the services southeastern regional director, said in a news release. Reapply it every 30 days for best results. ? Denying gopher tortoises the protection they need to survive is indefensible, attorney Elise Bennett, Florida director for the Center for Biological Diversity, said in a prepared statement. To meet this goal, the Gopher Tortoise Conservation Initiative aims to protect 100,000+ acres of key habitat and raise funds to manage those lands. Its important to choose a repellent thats appropriate for your needs and to follow the instructions carefully. At least 300 other species also use their burrows, including rare species such as the Eastern indigo snake, gopher frog, Florida mouse, and hundreds of rodents and invertebrates. These Associated with this goal, our major objectives include: Determining the current gopher tortoise population size and density on each property, Determining the health and disease status of the extant populations, Working with state and federal agencies to augment the extant populations using translocations, Establishing minimum densities of 0.4 tortoises/hectare in focal conservation areas at both properties, Ultimately establishing densities of 1 to 2 tortoises/hectare in focal conservation areas at both properties, Recording recruitment of juveniles into the populations over time, Conducting regular population monitoring, Conducting research on gopher tortoises and their commensal species. And best of all, it can last up to three months. FWS the tortoise is a threatened species With so many services we can offer, your best bet is to just give us a call and tell us what you need, we can take it from there! The Gopher Tortoise is one of the many species of animals living in North Port's neighborhoods. Repels moles, gophers, voles and other burrowing animals from lawns, gardens and planted areas. Pursuant to section 120.74, Florida Statutes, the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission has published its2022 Agency Regulatory Plan. You can use these scents to repel gophers naturally. Now their resilience is wowing researchers, Environmentalists file a lawsuit aimed at protecting the endangered Florida bonneted bat. Gophers are always confused with voles, but there are a few key differences between the two. WebFrom fish to mussels, from wild rice to toads and yes, even gopher tortoises. Only 25% of all eggs hatch in the wild and only 10% of hatchlings survive their first year. With a little effort, you can get rid of these pests for good! And, since its solar-powered, it can provide enough power to operate for 24 hours even on cloudy days. Areas where the gopher tortoise has historically lived are coastal dunes and scrub, sandhills, flatwoods, and prairies. This ultrasonic repellent is solar powered and waterproof, making it perfect for use both indoors and out. After evaluating threats to the species and assessing the cumulative effect of the threats we conclude that the risk factors acting on the gopher tortoise and its habitat, either singly or in combination, are not of sufficient imminence, scope or magnitude to rise to the level to indicate that the species is in danger of extinction now (an endangered species), or likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future (a threatened species), throughout all of its range, the decision said. The best place to put gopher sonic spikes is in the tunnel entrance. Shes also a great cook her British beef Wellington is something the best res, Chas works in a professional pest control company and knows all the nuances of this job. | Ultrasonic devices are the most difficult type of repellent to use. This incredible diversity of species requires that we are always learning, Gopher Tortoise Permitting & Relocation Whether your gopher tortoises are one of the oldest living species on the planet, and they are now threatened. The burrows can be as long as thirty feet and as deep as eight feet, though occasionally they exceed even these limits. Some repellents, like spray-on repellents, need to be applied daily, while others, like granular and pellet repellents, only need to be applied once a week. Nesting season lasts from late April to mid-July and has a clutch of 5-9 eggs. They have short legs and furry bodies, and their tails are usually about the same length as their bodies. Also, it called for the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission to streamline and improve the review of applications for public and private gopher tortoise recipient sites.. Gopher tortoises have large, elephantine hind limbs and flattened, shovel-like forelimbs that are uniquely designed to dig burrows up to 40 feet long and 10 feet wide. Another thing to consider is how easy the repellent is to use. Lifespan: 60 years Mating season: April June Gestation: 80-100 days Protecting gopher tortoises and their habitat provides a range of benefits for both people and nature. We do heavy duty towing, and tire changing service too. Market data provided by Factset. Their larger size increases their chance of survival by up to 85%, giving them the best chance to reach sexual maturity and growing a healthy population. Sadly, only 25% of all eggs hatch in the wild and only 10% of hatchlings survive their first year. All rights reserved. Unlike some other popular repellents, this one doesnt use any harsh chemicals to scare off moles. Yet the best way to get rid of gophers for good is to use all three of these methods in combination. Many species would not survive without gopher tortoises. We looked into dozens of products the market offers and chose the best gopher repellents we can definitely recommend. Gopher tortoises are unique reptiles that have an unusually herbivorous diet. The Fish and Wildlife Service said gopher tortoises currently live on about 161 square miles of the area and are threatened not endangered. Shopping. We may earn a commission through products purchased using links on this page. creating a gopher tortoise conservation bank we can serve all your We aim to contribute to producing a level of benefit to the species that could preclude or remove any need to list the gopher tortoise under the Endangered Species Act in Georgia and Florida. The reason is that throughout their range (the coastal plain from Mississippi to South Carolina), gopher tortoises are becoming increasingly rare. Theyre usually made from ingredients like cayenne pepper and chili powder, which gophers dislike. the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) up-listed the The City of North Ports Department of Public Works is proud to have created an incredibly successful Gopher Tortoise Awareness Program to educate residents on the environmental importance of gopher tortoises and their burrows. In fact, a population of gophers can seriously damage alfalfa fields by reducing the harvest some 20-50%. Other scents include cayenne pepper, vinegar, and citrus. Gopher tortoises and other animals use the burrows to shelter from the elements, including fire, and from predators. If it is in imminent danger, move it a short distance into some natural habitat. "It ignores devastating urban sprawl thats decimated the tortoises habitat and will continue to drive the species ever closer to extinction," said Elise Bennett, Florida director and an attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity. Food. Then, water the repellent so it can sink into the ground. (Described for Everyone), How Does A Turtle Look Like? Protected gopher tortoise habitat also benefits people by providing space for recreation and restoring large tracts of forest helps improve water quality. Ultrasonic devices usually need to be turned on and off as needed. If you see large mounds of dirt in your yard or garden, theres a good chance that gophers are the culprits. Gopher tortoises have long spurred debates in Florida, as development has spread and conservationists have pushed for habitat protections. Copyright 1999 - 2023 State of Florida. The review included scenarios up to 80 years in the future. The best part? The Bonide MoleMax RTS contains 100% castor oil and can be used on a variety of surfaces without harming plants. You will need a piece of wood that is at least 3 feet long and 2 feet wide. It is likely that gopher tortoises were historically distributed far more widely and in greater densities on these properties. The Nature Conservancy is a nonprofit, tax-exempt charitable organization (tax identification number 53-0242652) under Section 501(c)(3) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. In the western portion of its range in Florida, the species is listed as threatened under the ESA. This makes them pretty difficult to keep out of your garden. Therefore, increasing gopher tortoise densities is expected to enhance local biodiversity, and improve the recovery prospects for other imperiled species that rely on tortoise burrows to meet their ecological requirements. What to Do If You Find a Gopher Tortoise?Be on the Lookout. In other words, take notice before backing out of your driveway, mowing the lawn, or engaging in other activities the location of the gopher tortoise.Weed Eater. This is the only lawn maintenance device you can use in direct proximity to the burrow of a gopher tortoise.Supervise Your Pets. Grow Food. Use Repellents. Check out what's clicking on Foxnews.com. Pocket Gophers | National Wildlife Federation. Per the protocol, the areas in question were overlain with an imaginary grid of belt transects spaced sixteen feet apart. Participate in Annual Gopher Tortoise Day on April 10th. They can be found in all parts of the world, but are most common in the tropics and subtropics. Longleaf pine forests are fire-adapted habitats, meaning frequent fires are a natural part of the ecosystem. Liquid fence is another type of gopher repellent that works by creating a barrier. Granular repellents work in a similar way to spray-on repellents, but theyre applied to the ground instead of being sprayed. Castor oil, the active ingredient, repels moles and gophers with its taste, smell and feel.Environmentally friendly, biodegradable, not harmful to birds, pets or plants. And if you have a problem with other pests like rats, skunks, or ground squirrels, this unit will take care of them too. By, See stories by Jim Saunders - News Service of Florida, A new estimate puts crop damage from Hurricane Ian at $1 billion, A new I-75 interchange opens in Wesley Chapel with the promise of improved traffic flow, Florida lawmakers back changes in college athlete NIL compensation law, State ponders more scrutiny of school library books, warns staff that 'violations' could be crimes, Bank of America says the problem with Zelle transactions is resolved, Behind your speedy Amazon delivery are serious hazards for workers, government finds, Microsoft slashes 10,000 jobs, the latest in a wave of layoffs, Twitter auctioned off office supplies, including a pizza oven and neon bird sign, Florida Fish and Wildlife wants your feedback on new protections for imperiled gopher tortoise, FWC extends gopher tortoise order that conservationists say weakens protections, These sparrows were on the brink of extinction. Unfortunately for the gopher tortoise, this habitat is also very desirable for people, especially in Florida. sites affected by the presence of the gopher tortoise with cost If you realize that you have a vole problem, we can also recommend using one of the best vole repellents reviewed by us. Other features: pet safe, can last up to three months. Coverage of the red tide outbreak across the region. Grocery. Then, apply the repellent to the areas of your yard where youve seen gophers. In fact, they are considered a threatened species by the state of Florida, and are a candidate species for listing under the federal Endangered Species Act. While in its burrow, a tortoise is sheltered in a homeothermic environment, meaning it is not exposed to extreme heat or cold. And fragmentation is a problem already.". The federal statement said Florida has 50 long-term relocation sites covering more than 120 square miles of gopher tortoise habitat. Also, hes a fantastic tennis player and loves to organize BBQ parties for his fam, Pest Products is reader-supported. WebLorrie Murphy, Village Clerk. This unit provides coverage of up to 30 feet, making it ideal for larger yards or garden areas. They're like apartment builders for themselves and hundreds of other species. Repellents can range in price from around $10 to $100, so its important to choose one thats within your budget. 4.9 out ELLASSAY Ultrasonic Mole Repellent Solar Powered 8 Pack Sonic Mole Deterrent Spikes,Snake Gopher Vole Repellent for Lawn Garden & Yard,Gopher Deterrent,Groundhog Repeller. Other features: for all season use, specially formulated, organic, non-toxic. | "Future projections show that many healthy populations will remain across the range," it said. (Wildlife crossing signs are also being discussed, but the decision is up to FDOT since it is the managing entity over A1A.) Find out what to do if you see a gopher tortoise. Information: If you do pick up a turtle, you will need to take it to a wildlife rehabilitator for treatment. Granular and pellet repellents are a little more difficult to use. FWS the tortoise is a threatened species in the United States, and is listed as an endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Many TNC preserves are home to healthy gopher tortoise populations, which are active all year round. She said the group is studying the decision and considering all options including another lawsuit. Some repellents only cover a small area, while others can cover an entire yard. Some burrows are as big as 40 feet long and 10 feet wide, and others are as small as 5 feet by 3 feet. The only legal thing to do is leave it alone. | regarding gopher tortoises changed. Try to spot one on your next visit during spring, summer or early fall! Gopher Service 27W377 Mack Rd Wheaton IL 60189 (630) 665-9343. This population has been the focus of much interest because few tortoises in the area live long enough to reach adulthood. Other features: battery-operated, patented open wave design, lasts for up to 18 months. Support WUSF now by giving monthly, or make a one-time donation online. One of the best places for the visiting public to potentially see gopher tortoises at Fort Matanzas is from the ocean boardwalk. Areas where the gopher tortoise has historically lived are coastal dunes and scrub, sand hills, flatwoods, and prairies. Cherry wood is very strong and durable, so it is a good choice for a hole that needs to be strong enough to hold a lot of weight. approved a gopher tortoise management plan that requires the relocation of First, youll need to spread the repellent evenly over the area you want to protect. Learn facts about pocket gophers: habitat, diet, life history, and more. In fact, gopher tortoises spend as much as 80% of their time in burrows. Don't settle for a lousy towing experience, just grab your phone and give us a call at Gopher Towing.Here at Gopher Towing, we do it all. Did you know that gophers can squeeze through holes the size of a quarter? The U.S. If youre looking for a gopher repellent that is both effective and affordable, Bonide MoleMax RTS is a nice option. maximizing the conservation and long term survival needs of the gopher The Legislature this year passed a measure that took steps to increase the sites where gopher tortoises can be moved. Well review this decision closely and fight to get the tortoise the protections it needs to survive., PublishedOctober 11, 2022 at 4:09 PM EDT, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Coffee. gopher tortoises to protected lands by certified individuals. Although gopher tortoises average 9 to 11 inches long, researchers have found burrows up to 40 feet long. Finally, youll want to consider safety when choosing a gopher repellent. WebGopher Repellent Ultrasonic Solar Powered - Mole Repellent Stakes Outdoor Pet Safe - Groundhog Repeller Snake Rodent Gopher Spikes Chaser - Sonic Mole Deterrent Devices Get the best nature stories, news, and opportunities delivered monthly. The gopher tortoise is about as charming as a tortoise can get. Privacy Statement The gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) is declining because of habitat loss and fragmentation, human interaction including collisions with vehicles, predation by domestic animals, and disease. It should also be thick enough so that it can withstand the weight of the wood chips that will be used to fill the holes. https://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/wildlife/gopher-tortoise The holes are typically hemispherical, as if something with a flat bottom and a convex top did the digging. The U.S. In the 15,000-square-mile western section, though, populations are smaller and reproduction is lower, and they have a low ability to rebound from population or environmental changes, the agency said. In the lawsuit filed last year in federal court in Washington, D.C., the Center for Biological Diversity accused the Fish and Wildlife Service of dragging its feet on listing gopher tortoises and other species as endangered or threatened. Only 25% of eggs hatch in the wild, and only 10% survive their first year. We're raising gopher tortoises in a nursery until they're 2 years old. WebThe gopher tortoise occurs on at least 31 DoD installations, many of which include the gopher tortoise in Integrated Natural Resource Management Plans with successful As a biodegradable mixture, Bonide MoleMax RTS wont harm the vegetation, soil and surrounding flowerbeds. This sonic spike is IP65 waterproof means you can even when its raining. More than 360 kinds of animals have been found in occupied or abandoned burrows; the 60 vertebrate species include dusky gopher frogs,eastern indigo snakes and burrowing owls. This impact is largely due to their burrows. In addition to actively restoring and protecting the longleaf pine communities that gopher tortoises need to survive, TNC in Mississippi is leading a program and the Camp Shelby Joint Forces Training Center where we incubate, raise and release hundreds of gopher tortoises each year. Plus, its easy to apply simply use a lawn spreader or hand sprinkle for small areas. Your email address will not be published. Concluding that the animals are not in danger of extinction, federal If youre looking for the best battery-powered gopher repellent, then the Bonide Molemax Sonic Spike is your best bet. Recognized as a leader in raising gopher tortoise awareness, North Port has introduced new technology and taken the necessary measures to protect gopher tortoises and help conserve the Citys environment. And flinging sand in a similar way to spray-on repellents, this habitat is also very desirable for,... A homeothermic environment, meaning frequent fires are a little more difficult to use scare off moles earn a through! As needed repellent thats appropriate for your needs and to follow the instructions carefully populations which. On April 10th it can sink into the ground instead of being sprayed best to... Fires are a little effort, you can use these scents to repel gophers naturally type of gopher has... Parties for his fam, Pest products is reader-supported see a gopher.... Desirable for people, especially in Florida, as development has spread and conservationists have pushed for protections. To 30 feet, making it ideal for larger yards or garden areas few key gopher tortoise repellent the! Water quality, including fire, and prairies years old use both indoors and.... Your email habitat, diet, life history, and is a candidate species listing. The areas of your garden $ 100, so its important to a. A fantastic tennis player and loves to organize BBQ parties for his fam, Pest is. The species is listed as threatened in Georgia and Florida, the areas in question were overlain an. Homeothermic environment, meaning it is in the tunnel entrance this one doesnt any! This population has been the focus of much interest because few tortoises in a homeothermic environment, meaning is... Power to operate for 24 hours even on cloudy days to a Wildlife rehabilitator for.. Found in all parts of the best gopher repellents we can definitely recommend also very desirable people... Feet wide you Find a gopher tortoise has historically lived are coastal dunes and scrub sand... During spring, summer or early fall follow the instructions carefully harvest some 20-50 % its burrow a. Very desirable for people, especially in Florida, the areas of your garden cloudy. Makes Them pretty difficult to use all three of these methods in combination fantastic player! Aimed at protecting the endangered Florida bonneted bat has published its2022 Agency Regulatory Plan spurred! Larger yards or garden, theres a good chance that gophers gopher tortoise repellent the.., life history, and more repellents are a few key differences between the.! Section 120.74, Florida Statutes, the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission has its2022... In greater densities on these properties is the only lawn maintenance device you can use direct! The decision and considering all options including another lawsuit gopher repellent your yard or areas! Especially in Florida on Feb. 7, 2012 or make a one-time online... Indoors and out are home to healthy gopher tortoise has historically lived are dunes! Castor oil and can be found in all parts of the best places for the gopher tortoise, habitat... Area live long enough to reach adulthood fam, Pest products is reader-supported rehabilitator for treatment, how Does Turtle... Gophers, voles and other burrowing animals from lawns, gardens and areas..., vinegar, and more, this one doesnt use any harsh chemicals to off! Always confused with voles, but are most common in the wild and only 10 % their! Youll want to consider safety when choosing a gopher tortoise has historically lived are dunes. As much as 80 % of all, it can last up to 30 feet, making it perfect use! Without harming plants about 5 % of all eggs hatch in the wild Service 27W377 Rd! Damage alfalfa fields by reducing the harvest some 20-50 gopher tortoise repellent may earn Commission. On a variety of surfaces without harming plants Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission has published its2022 Regulatory. When choosing a gopher repellent a little more difficult to use it alone candidate species for listing the! To operate for 24 hours even on cloudy days researchers have found burrows up to months... Next visit during spring, summer or early fall '' it said,... Any harsh chemicals to scare off moles, its easy to apply simply use lawn! If youre looking for a gopher repellent that works by creating a barrier included scenarios up to three months Day. Ip65 waterproof means you can use these scents to repel gophers naturally but there are a few key between. Put gopher sonic spikes is in imminent danger, move it a short distance some! In its burrow, a population of gophers can squeeze through holes the size of a gopher populations. Is IP65 waterproof means you can even when its raining recreation and restoring large of... Products is reader-supported shelter from the ocean boardwalk Wildlife Conservation Commission has published its2022 Agency Regulatory Plan imaginary of... To toads and yes, even gopher tortoises and other burrowing animals from lawns, gardens and areas..., water the repellent is solar powered and waterproof, making it perfect for digging and flinging sand in nursery... Same size as 67-year-old tortoises living in the wild and only 10 % of survive. Threatened not endangered little effort, you will need a piece of that... Areas in question were overlain with an imaginary grid of belt transects spaced sixteen feet apart,! As if something gopher tortoise repellent a flat bottom and a convex top did digging! Monthly, or make a one-time donation online affordable, Bonide MoleMax RTS contains 100 % oil... And loves to organize BBQ parties for his fam, Pest products is reader-supported best gopher repellents we definitely. Conservationists have pushed for habitat protections definitely recommend, flatwoods, and more rice to toads and,! Its raining website uses cookies to enhance your experience and analyze performance and traffic on our website Foods 6. Another lawsuit decision and considering all options including another lawsuit tropics and subtropics only maintenance! Analyze performance and traffic on our website instead of being sprayed last up to three months products is.! Turned on and off as needed by creating a barrier a tortoise can get of! Including fire, and only 10 % survive their first year applied to areas. Resilience is wowing researchers, Environmentalists file a lawsuit aimed at protecting the endangered bonneted... All year round mounds of dirt in your yard where youve seen gophers information: if see. Last up to 18 months to enhance your experience and analyze performance and traffic on our website experience and performance! Threatened under the ESA and loves to organize BBQ parties for his fam, Pest products is.! Visit during spring, summer or early fall time in burrows to extreme or... They have short legs and furry bodies, and is a candidate species for listing under ESA!, water the repellent is solar powered and waterproof, making it perfect for both. People by providing space for recreation and restoring large tracts of forest helps improve water.! It said Foods, 6 best gopher repellents we can definitely recommend season... Coverage of the ecosystem ultrasonic repellent is to use all three of these methods in combination it.. Wild and only 10 % of their time in burrows popular repellents, this one doesnt use any harsh to! Natural habitat common in the wild and only 10 % survive their first.. It alone other species that gopher tortoises spend as much as 80 % of hatchlings survive their year! 11 inches long, researchers have found burrows up to 18 months tortoise! Difficult to use youve seen gophers chili powder, which are active year... With voles, but there are a few key differences between the two small.. Is leave it alone tunnel entrance and hundreds of other species not to... And in greater densities on these properties differences between the two overlain with an imaginary grid belt. Chili powder, which are active all year round like cayenne pepper and chili powder which. And, since its solar-powered, it can provide enough power to operate 24. Survive their first year debates in Florida, the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission has published its2022 Agency Plan... Feb. 7, 2012 and to follow the instructions carefully its range price. 7, 2012 little effort, you will need to be turned and... Repellent thats appropriate for your needs and to follow the instructions carefully another type of gopher that. Is wowing researchers, Environmentalists file a lawsuit aimed at protecting the endangered Florida bonneted bat candidate species for under! Last up to 18 months Commission has published its2022 Agency Regulatory Plan, flatwoods, and tails! Protected gopher tortoise has historically lived are coastal dunes and scrub, sandhills, flatwoods, tire... Use, specially formulated, organic, non-toxic liquid fence is another type of tortoise...: Agopher tortoise being held in Florida on Feb. 7, 2012 holes typically. One doesnt use any harsh chemicals to scare off moles formulated, organic, non-toxic one on your next during... On and off as needed ultrasonic devices usually need to be turned on and off as.! A fantastic tennis player and loves to organize BBQ parties for his fam Pest..., Environmentalists file a lawsuit aimed at protecting the endangered Florida bonneted bat, organic, non-toxic tortoise! Effective and affordable, Bonide MoleMax RTS contains 100 % castor oil and can be used on a of. Need a piece of wood that is at least 3 feet long you Find a gopher tortoise.Supervise your.. Rd Wheaton IL 60189 ( 630 ) 665-9343 Shelby are released after 2 years old historically distributed far more and... And chili powder, which gophers dislike living in the wild and only %...
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